in recent years, it has become evident that it is necessary to systematically and accurately define particle characteristics in order to understand the potential toxicity of nanoparticles to biological systems. the properties that need to be emphasized are size, shape, dispersion, doping, aggregation, functionalization, physical and chemical properties, surface area, and surface chemistry. rout...

background: the genus pallisentis is an endoparasitic acanthocephalan inhabit­ing the intestinal walls. hooks and spines of the worm are significant taxonomical and adaptive tools. methods: the parasites were fixed, dehydrated and examined under olym­pus bx 53 microscope with dic attachment, digital camera and cellsens imag­ing system [light microscopy (lm)] and fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.1...

.